{"id":2142,"date":"2020-04-29T14:06:21","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T12:06:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/?p=2142"},"modified":"2020-04-29T14:10:46","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T12:10:46","slug":"certificat-dimmunite-une-bonne-idee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/2020\/04\/29\/certificat-dimmunite-une-bonne-idee\/","title":{"rendered":"Certificat d\u2019immunit\u00e9 : une bonne id\u00e9e ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h5 class=\"justification_texte wp-block-heading\">Ce billet est une version simplifi\u00e9e d\u2019un article plus complet abordant la \u00ab fiabilit\u00e9 \u00bb des tests. Si vous souhaitez d\u00e8s maintenant le consulter, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/2020\/04\/29\/tests-diagnostiques-comment-pas-fiables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">c\u2019est par ici que \u00e7a se passe<\/a>.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Certains politiques veulent acheter pour plusieurs millions de tests s\u00e9rologiques en pr\u00e9vision du d\u00e9confinement. Leur but est de tester un maximum de personnes. Les positifs, qui ont des anticorps neutralisants, pourront circuler librement car ils ne pourront plus ni transmettre la maladie, ni \u00eatre malades. Ils auront un \u00ab certificat d\u2019immunit\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Ce raisonnement para\u00eet logique, pourtant un test s\u00e9rologique raisonnablement \u00ab efficace \u00bb, pr\u00e9sentant une sensibilit\u00e9 clinique de 95% et une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de 90%, peut laisser libre 50% de personnes se croyant prot\u00e9g\u00e9es (alors qu\u2019intuitivement on pourrait les \u00e9valuer \u00e0 10%). Je vous en fais ici la d\u00e9monstration :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">D\u2019abord un rappel de quelques d\u00e9finitions indispensables que vous connaissez tous :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>La sensibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un test s\u00e9rologique (Se) : <ul><li>Pourcentages de tests positifs pour les porteurs d\u2019anticorps<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>La sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 d\u2019un test s\u00e9rologique (Sp) : <ul><li>Pourcentages de tests n\u00e9gatifs pour les non porteurs d\u2019anticorps<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>La valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive d\u2019un test s\u00e9rologique (VPP) :&nbsp;<ul><li>Probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir des anticorps lorsque le test est positif<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">C\u2019est LE point cl\u00e9 : pour qu\u2019un test soit \u00ab efficace \u00bb dans ce contexte, il faut que la VPP soit la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e possible.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Dans le cadre qui nous int\u00e9resse, il faut qu\u2019un maximum de personnes test\u00e9es positives soient r\u00e9ellement porteuses d\u2019anticorps, donc qu\u2019un minimum de personnes non prot\u00e9g\u00e9es soient consid\u00e9r\u00e9es positives et par cons\u00e9quent non contraintes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>La valeur pr\u00e9dictive n\u00e9gative d\u2019un test s\u00e9rologique (VPN) : <ul><li>Probabilit\u00e9 de ne pas avoir d\u2019anticorps lorsque le test est n\u00e9gatif.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Cela a moins d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour le d\u00e9confinement. Il y a peu de cons\u00e9quences \u00e0 confiner quelqu\u2019un qui est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 immunis\u00e9. (Sauf pour lui \ud83d\ude09 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">La VPP et la VPN sont d\u00e9pendantes de la pr\u00e9valence. Cette derni\u00e8re notion, utile ici, la pr\u00e9valence d\u2019une maladie : c\u2019est le pourcentage de malades dans une population \u00e0 un instant donn\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Par convention, on appellera malades les porteurs d\u2019anticorps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Afin de calculer les valeurs des VPP et des VPN, on utilise un tableau de contingence. Je vous en pr\u00e9sente ici une version tr\u00e8s simplifi\u00e9e. Pour la version compl\u00e8te r\u00e9f\u00e9rez-vous \u00e0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/2020\/04\/29\/tests-diagnostiques-comment-pas-fiables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">l\u2019article de synth\u00e8se<\/a> beaucoup plus complet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Pour une pr\u00e9valence de 10% et une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de 90%, on voit dans le tableau suivant que pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 des gens consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme non \u00e0 risque (positif au test) sont en fait des personnes qui peuvent \u00eatre malades dans un avenir proche et transmettre la maladie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-1024x470.png\" alt=\"certificat d'immunit\u00e9 tableau de contingence VPP 51,35%\" class=\"wp-image-2150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-1024x470.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-768x352.png 768w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-1536x705.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.09.19-2048x939.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">La VPP est le rapport entre le nombre de malades positifs et le nombre de test\u00e9s positifs, ici 9500\/(9500+9000)=0,51<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">La VPN est le rapport entre le nombre de sains n\u00e9gatif et le nombre de test\u00e9s n\u00e9gatifs, ici 81000\/81000+500=0,99<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Avec une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de 90% toujours mais une pr\u00e9valence de 5% (valeur donn\u00e9e \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s pour la population fran\u00e7aise (1)). Alors l\u00e0, ce sont les deux tiers des gens ayant un test positif qui ne sont pas prot\u00e9g\u00e9s alors qu\u2019ils pensent l\u2019\u00eatre !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-1024x473.png\" alt=\"certificat d'immunit\u00e9 tableau de contingence avec VPP de 33,33%\" class=\"wp-image-2151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-1024x473.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-1536x709.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-27-23.11.22-2048x945.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">En faisant varier la pr\u00e9valence et la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des tests, on peut alors faire un tableau qui montre les variations de la valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive en fonction celles-ci.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-1024x345.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-1024x345.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-768x259.png 768w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-1536x518.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Capture-d\u00e9cran-2020-04-28-23.52.38-2048x691.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">La question \u00e0 laquelle on doit r\u00e9pondre, est quelle est la proportion de personnes circulant librement pouvant contracter la maladies alors qu\u2019elles croient \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, sommes-nous pr\u00eats \u00e0 accepter ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Si on place le seuil \u00e0 10%, avec une pr\u00e9valence de la maladie de 10% minimum, alors avec un tr\u00e8s bon test (99% de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9), c&rsquo;est acceptable. Si le test est un tout petit peu moins bon (sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de 98%) alors il faudrait que la pr\u00e9valence de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 contre la maladie soit de 20% ! Or la pr\u00e9valence dans la population fran\u00e7aise est estim\u00e9e on l&rsquo;a dit \u00e0 5% voire un peu plus (entre 3,5 et 10,3% d\u2019apr\u00e8s (1) ). On peut donc esp\u00e9rer au mieux avoir un seuil \u00e0 17% de personnes potentiellement fragiles laiss\u00e9es en libre circulation pour un tr\u00e8s bon test qu\u2019on est pas s\u00fbr d\u2019avoir !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">On voit qu\u2019un test qui pourtant a des caract\u00e9ristiques honorables avec 95 % de sensibilit\u00e9 et 98% de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas du tout adapt\u00e9 pour du d\u00e9pistage massif avec les objectifs qu\u2019on veut se fixer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">C\u2019est pour cela que la solution du d\u00e9pistage s\u00e9rologique massif n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 retenue. (Ajout\u00e9 au fait que des doutes subsistent concernant la qualit\u00e9 de la protection de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise). La notion de certificat d&rsquo;immunit\u00e9 en prend un sacr\u00e9 coup ! Il est toutefois possible qu\u2019un test \u00e0 99,9% de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 soit commercialis\u00e9, on pourra alors envisager le d\u00e9pistage s\u00e9rologique massif. Ou alors la pr\u00e9valence des personnes immunis\u00e9es augmentera suffisamment pour que l\u2019utilisation du test s\u00e9rologique devienne acceptable en d\u00e9pistage : toujours avec notre test \u00e0 95% de sensibilit\u00e9 et 98% de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 alors la valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive serait de 98% dans le cas d\u2019une pr\u00e9valence de 50%.&nbsp;Mais est-ce que cela sera utile avec une telle pr\u00e9valence ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"justification_texte\">Je me suis beaucoup exprim\u00e9 \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re personne m\u00eame si cet article est le fruit d&rsquo;un travail collectif. Je suis toutefois \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de sa trame, et il est important que vous compreniez d&rsquo;o\u00f9 je parle. Je suis v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire rural. Je ne suis pas \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiste mais notre profession est rod\u00e9e \u00e0 la gestion des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies. Une grande partie du travail d\u2019un v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire rural, c\u2019est de g\u00e9rer ou de participer \u00e0 la gestion des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du troupeau, d\u2019une localit\u00e9, d\u2019une r\u00e9gion voire dans des programmes nationaux. Nous sommes quotidiennement confront\u00e9s aux notions d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie. De plus \u00e0 titre personnel, j\u2019ai une app\u00e9tence pour cette discipline et les biostatistiques ce qui m\u2019a amen\u00e9 \u00e0 suivre des formations non dipl\u00f4mantes dans ces deux sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zeterinaires.fr\/nofakemed\/2020\/04\/29\/tests-diagnostiques-comment-pas-fiables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ce texte est compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par un autre que je vous propose, un peu long et touffu.<\/a> Il n&rsquo;est pas forc\u00e9ment facile \u00e0 lire mais il en vaut, je crois, la peine. J&rsquo;ai essay\u00e9 de le rendre le plus accessible possible au plus grand nombre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1- <a href=\"https:\/\/hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr\/pasteur-02548181\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Henrik Salje, C\u00e9cile Tran Kiem, No\u00e9mie Lefrancq, No\u00e9mie Courtejoie, Paolo Bosetti, et al.. Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France. 2020. pasteur-02548181<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ce billet est une version simplifi\u00e9e d\u2019un article plus complet abordant la \u00ab fiabilit\u00e9 \u00bb des tests. Si vous souhaitez d\u00e8s maintenant le consulter, c\u2019est par ici que \u00e7a se passe. Certains politiques veulent acheter pour plusieurs millions de tests s\u00e9rologiques en pr\u00e9vision du d\u00e9confinement. Leur but est de tester un maximum de personnes. Les&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":9,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[123,125,128,25],"class_list":["post-2142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pedagogie","tag-diagnostic","tag-serologie","tag-tableau-de-contingence","tag-test"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Certificat d\u2019immunit\u00e9 : une bonne id\u00e9e ? - Z\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les z\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires vous exposent pourquoi un certificat d&#039;immunit\u00e9 est une mauvaise id\u00e9e. 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